Joseph Von Benedikt is with Rafe Nielsen of Browning to take a look at a new X-Bolt series rifle. Thus, greater velocity, greater caliber, or denser tissue gives more drag. A 0.5A current is passing across three resistors of 8resistance, 4resistance and 12resistance that are linked in series. In one study with test firings, black talons penetrating plastic sheeting (simulating elasticity of skin) expanded irregularly, while those fired into ordnance gelatin (simulating soft tissue) uniformly expanded. So the two bullets must fall in the same way. I'll take that relationship to be the common form of a constant times the magnitude of velocity squared (linearly $a_b = -C V^2$). Gun #1 weighs three times as much as gun #2. First week only $4.99! A: Given, A World Record Attempt and everyone is out at the range shooting and practicing. force for each revolution is 0. c. there is no friction. Rotational dynamics and conservation of angular momentum in engineering? After the cue ball strikes the group, the four balls scatter, each traveling in a different direction with different speeds as shown in Figure P10.30. The Winchester "Black Talon" cartridge, which comes in several calibers, is designed with a lead core locked to a copper alloy jacket by a unique notching process that is done to prevent separation of teh core and the jacket on target impact via controlled expansion. The acceleration due to the motion of the Earth is v 2 R E, or about 0.033 m/s 2 which is about 1/300th of the acceleration due to gravity. They may demonstrate less deformation when recovered. To reduce air resistance, the ideal bullet would be a long, heavy needle, but such a projectile would go right through the target without dispersing much of its energy. The Model 1917 has cylinder throat diameters averaging about 0.454 inch, and the .45 ACP FMJ ammo we used was loaded with bullets whose average diameter was 0.4508 inch. Individual shots from the stubby revolver were running with the semiauto velocities. This is indeed true. I had originally put vectors, but wanted to keep it as basic as possible just in case that was unfamiliar territory. 4. The result is the following plot: There are five curves here. We considered a lot of factors. This is the bullet's energy as it leaves the muzzle, but the ballistic coefficient (BC) will determine the amount of KE delivered to the target as air resistance is encountered. Why did DOS-based Windows require HIMEM.SYS to boot? A 5-kg cart moving to the right with a speed of 6 m/s collides with a concrete wall and rebounds with a speed of 2 m/s. Give a Gift At close range, they may produce substantial injury. The convenient simplification that arises is: $$|\vec{V_b}(t)| = (V_{bx}^2 + V_{by}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}} \approx V_{by}(t)$$. But do you know how to properly use them? Finally, I computed the angle at which you would need to fire a bullet so it lands at the same time as the one dropped: this turns out to happen at an angle of about 0.05. (Wilson, 1978) A rifled slug fired from a shotgun may have a range up to 800 yards. particle is x =7. You can read the famous excerpt from Galileo's book here. (a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 5.1. Forward motion of the bullet is also affected by drag (D), which is calculated as: f(v/a) is a coefficient related to the ratio of the velocity of the bullet to the velocity of sound in the medium through which it travels. 2:3 (Incidentally, in my simulation the bullet would land at a distance of 125 m; the MB "drop zone" was at 110 m, but I don't know whether they were working with the same drop height: again, it's "really very close" though). The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? If two identical balls were dropped from the same height, but one of them was given a push to the side also, which would hit the ground first and why? Were I to reopen this quest for answers today, 35 years later, I would fire additional bullet weights unavailable in 1984, try more gun makes like the Ruger 9mm, and add the 10mm Auto. One of these was a classic revolver versus a semiauto showdown. Sectional density is calculated from the bullet mass (M) divided by the square of its diameter. a) In series So I'll convert the equation to using the standard drag coefficient and then to ballastic coefficient. Since drag (D) is a function of velocity, it can be seen that for a bullet of a given mass (M), the greater the velocity, the greater the retardation. I'd accept Mark's as well if possible, but equations bring me out in hives. Science Physics Bullets from two revolvers are fired with the same velocity. What can be learned from specific cartridge data? By Galilean relativity, the bullet on the ship falls in the same amount of time as a bullet that's simply dropped, so the bullet fired from the gun falls in the same amount of time as a bullet that's simply dropped, too. Rapid incapacitation may occur with massive bleeding from major blood vessels or the heart. I interpreted your question to be asking in terms of Newtonian physics, in which case my answer holds true. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. This, A: Given : Total charge of spherical shell = 6 nC Since the time to fall scales with $\sqrt{\frac{2h}{g}}$, a change of 2 parts in 300 in gravity results in the bullet falling more slowly by about 1 part in 300. To penetrate the thick hide and tough bone of an elephant, the bullet must be pointed, of small diameter, and durable enough to resist disintegration. Justify your answer (d) During the time interval 0 < t 4, does the particle return to its initial position? Showing work, please explain how the ratio is 2:1. This reduces the likelihood of exit or collateral damage on missed shots. The mass of A is nine times that of B. Key: R=made for revolver; A=made for semi-automatic; velocity in fps. One of the more convenient devices for determining bullet drop is the Powley High Velocity Chart The raised portion in the bore, between two adjacent grooves is called a Land Match the following Ballistic terms: BUCKSHOT: Large lead pellets in shotgun shells CENTERFIRE: This refers to a centrally located primer in the base of metallic cartridges. All Rights Reserved. Specifically, things seem to fall completely normally when you're in a moving ship. A frangible bullet composed of a powder is designed to disintegrate upon impact, delivering all KE, but without significant penetration; the size of the fragments should decrease as impact velocity increases. In that amount of time it will have traveled 750 feet in the x direction and will still have a forward velocity of 3000 ft/s. So it seems my answer is that the gun must be held very still, but provided it's an "ordinary" gun and my numbers are correct, yes, the bullet will hit the ground at pretty much the same time. The mass of the subject plus the pallet is 54.0 kg. The same bullets fired in a semiauto will encounter the resistance of the rifling before they are fully out of the cartridge case and have to make up velocity farther down the bore. . It may not display this or other websites correctly. Images of Model 547 cylinders clearly show it shared the cylinder length (1.675 inches) used in S&W K-Frame Magnums with recessed rims. The center of mass of a system of particles has a constant velocity if the external forces on the particles of the system sum to 0 The center of mass of a system of particles remains at the same place if it is initially at rest and the external forces sum to 0 A man sits in the back of a canoe in still water. $$ \vec{V_b}' = \vec{a_b}$$ Explain. While pushing bullets though the Model 547 cylinder with the dowel, I remember thinking, What a long cylinder throat this gun has! Then it struck me: freebore. 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Greater numbers of smaller pellets have a better chance of hitting the target, but each pellet has a small amount of kinetic energy. d. the magnitude of the acceleration is 0. e. the centripetal force is perpendicular to the velocity. a. To get started, click the link below to visit mymagnow.com and learn how to access your digital magazine. The 9mm projectiles we tested were 0.550 inch long; the .45 ACP FMJs were 0.675 inch long. The first is dropped by someone on the ship. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Which of the following does not affect the resistance of a wire? The most significant instance of this phenomenon was the Smith & Wesson Model 28-2, which took a huge nose dive in velocity with the two jacketed .38 Special bullets compared to the 3-inch barrel and the other two 4-inch barrels. From this, I can say the bullet will hit the ground at the same time as something dropped at the same time as firing when a certain condition is satisfied, which is: Up until now I've used a non-standard drag coefficient. rev2023.5.1.43405. A 00 or "double ought" pellet is essentially equivalent to a low velocity .38 handgun projectile. Both bullets have the same velocity, the question tells you that, but the two velocities for the guns are different. Copper (Cu) works best as this "jacket" material for lead. The bullet from gun #1 is twice as heavy as the bullet from gun #2. coefficient of friction force, A: Given data: The bullets time in the air, having been fired horizontally, depends on it's velocity. I dont have a Model 547 today, but that didnt stop me from revisiting it. A. The length determines the amount of powder, and the amount of ounces of shot can vary within the shell, based upon the size and number of shot pellets. The results were almost identical. We occasionally wandered into queries of how specific firearm types affected terminal performance. The ratio of the momentum imparted to gun #1 to that imparted to gun #2 is: See answers Advertisement tochjosh Answer: If the 44 magnum is compared with the 357 magnum, the effect of bore diameter is seen. Question: D Question 3 2 pts Bullets from two revolvers are fired with the same velocity. Note that this value is just a value sufficient to completely screw up the experiment so you would ideally want it 10x or more smaller than this. Expansion reliably occurs only at velocities exceeding 1200 fps, so is suited only to the highest velocity handguns. I would say "directions" rather than "planes". The 9mm benchmark was our reference S&W Model 39 semiautomatic pistol. Most handgun shootings occur at less than 7 yards, but even so, most bullets miss their intended target (only 11% of assailants' bullets and 25% of bullets fired by police officers hit the intended target in a study by Lesce, 1984). Designing a bullet for efficient transfer of energy to a particular target is not straightforward, for targets differ. The ratio of the momentum imparted to gun #1 to that imparted to gun #2 is: A) 2:3B) 3:2 C) 2:1 D) 3:1 E) 6:1 Ans: C Difficulty: M C ) 2:1 The bullet from gun #1 is twice as heavy as the bullet from gun #2. | Finally, a mechanism is set up to drop a bullet at the exact time (t=0), and from the exact same height, as the shooter's bullet leaves the perfectly level gun barrel. Shot may be primarily composed of lead or steel, along with combinations of other metals. The short barrel alone should have cost the Model 547 that contest. When the heart beats, it expels a mass m of blood into the aorta with speed , and the body and platform move in the opposite direction with speed V The blood velocity can be determined independently (e.g., by observing the Doppler shift of ultrasound). Even a bullet with a low KE can impart significant tissue damage if it can be designed to give up all of the KE into the target, and the target is at short range (as with handguns). The faster the spin, the less likely a bullet will "yaw" or turn sideways and tumble in its flight path through the air. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Bullet speed would fairly be $V_p=500 m/s$. "Shotshell" cartridges containing pellets are available in a variety of calibers. motion in the horizontal direcion could be 'x' or 'y' or a comination of the two. The FMJ bullet has exposed lead at the base of the bullet. $$F' = m \frac{\textrm{d}v'}{\textrm{d}t} = m \frac{\textrm{d}v}{\textrm{d}t} = F$$. What is the change in momentum of the cart? If a 20 kg child sits 1 meter from the pivot point, how far from the pivot point should a 40 kg child sit in or The term ballistics refers to the science of the travel of a projectile in flight. The bullet from gun #1 is twice as heavy as the bullet from gun #2. Lets take a step back here. You have a height $h$, say the velocity of the bullet is $\vec{V_b} = < V_{bx}, V_{by}>$ (add $t$ dependence when necessary). Submit Answer, Bullets from two revolvers are fired with the same velocity. The speed of the car at point A,vA=25 m/s. The displacement for each revolution is 0. b. the av. Therefore, the energy transmitted to the bullet (with a given mass) will depend upon mass times force times the time interval over which the force is applied. This information can be obtained by means of a ballistocardiograph. Bullet area we'll take as $A=0.2 m^2$. The bullets start out with exactly the same trajectory. If wire B is double the length and has a diameter four times as large as wire A, what is the resistance of wire B? The Model 1917 Colt chambered for the .45 ACP has a throat length of 0.777 inch, or 49 percent of the cylinder length. The radius of the plastic ring is R =50.4cm=50.410-2m=0.504m D. Zaitzev's rule, A car travelling at 60km/hr undergoes uniform acceleration at a rate of 2m/s until it's reach velocity of 120km/hr. The idea in the frictionless world is that the horizontal velocity of the bullet remains $V_p$ and the resultant velocity over time will be a combination of that and the vertical velocity caused exclusively by gravity, $g t$. The second is fired from a gun on the shore, but fired at exactly the same speed as the ship's speed (it's either a slow bullet or a fast ship, or both). 3. Up to a point of diminishing pressure, the longer the barrel, the greater the acceleration of the bullet. The charge on bead 1, A: Note: As per the guidelines, we can only answer first question of multiple question. There was a hush as our Oehler chronograph flashed the results. Definitely makes sense now. Therefore, military bullets have a full metal jacket (FMJ) around the lead core. When bullets designed to expand out of full size duty pistols are fired in guns with shorter barrels, they won't expand as violently due to the loss of velocity. Casting Your Own Bullets for Lever-Action Rifles, Franchi Momentum Elite Bolt-Action Rifle in Varmint Configurations, SIG Sauer P365 Pistol Now Offered in .380, Savage Model 110 Timberline 6.5 Creedmoor Rifle: Full Review, A World Record Attempt: Practice Round and Media Day, Interview with Israeli Defense Forces, Part 1. The speed at which a projectile must travel to penetrate skin is 163 fps and to break bone is 213 fps, both of which are quite low, so other factors are more important in producing damage. (Peters et al, 1996)(Peters and Sebourn, 1996). He considered sailing on a smoothly-sailing ship, and noted that if you're in the hull, you don't notice the ship's motion in any physics experiment. . $$\vec{V_f}(t) = < 0, -g t>$$. (Wilson, 1977) An M-16 rifle (.223 cal) is designed to produce larger wounds with high velocity, lower mass bullets that tumble, cavitate, and release energy quickly upon striking the target. Gun #1 weighs three times as much as gun #2. Learn more here: http://bit.ly/1G7xXag. The bullet from gun #1 is twice as heavy as the bullet from gun #2. Freebore is usually a rifle feature. The spread of the pellets as they leave the muzzle is determined by the "choke" or constriction of the barrel at the muzzle (from none to 0.04 inches). Example of tumbling. MouseOver (touch) the bullet to start the animation. FIGURE P10.30, In research in cardiology and exercise physiology, it is often important to know the mass of blood pumped by a persons heart in one stroke. It could be fun. (DeMuth et al, 1976) A "sawed-off" shotgun has a very short barrel (less than 18 inches) so that, not only can it be concealed more easily, but also it can spray the pellets out over a wide area, because there is no choke. The external ballistics of a bullet's path can be determined by several formulae, the simplest of which is: Velocity (V) is usually given in feet per second (fps) and mass (M) is given in pounds, derived from the weight (W) of the bullet in grains, divided by 7000 grains per pound times the acceleration of gravity (32 ft/sec) so that: Kinetic Energy (KE) = W(V)2 / (450,435) ft/lb. Why? b) In parallel Instead of passing her, he inadvertently collides with her. A semi-wadcutter design is intermediate between the round nose and wadcutter and is useful at medium velocity. It only takes a minute to sign up. Fluid-filled organs (bladder, heart, great vessels, bowel) can burst because of pressure waves generated. At the Dallas Crime Lab we were constantlytesting new ammunition for law enforcement. Why are you only using one velocity? Gun #1 weighs three times as much as gun #2. Now, here is the tricky part: when does the shot bullet hit the floor? You were told something which was not quite true, to illustrate a principle which is very true: In simple Newtonian motion, the equations of motion in one axis of a coordinate system do not have any effect on motion in any orthogonal axis. The pallet moves 6.00 10-5 m in 0.160 s after one heartbeat. Zooming in on the interesting area makes it possible to see how small these effects are: The difference between the bullet that is shot, and the one that is dropped, is 30 ms (bullet falls more slowly) without accounting for rotation of the Earth. A. Bullets from two revolvers are fired with the same velocity. $$ \frac{ C_d \rho A t V_p }{ 2 m} =\frac{ \rho t V_p }{ 2 BC} \ll 1 $$. The TMJ is primarily used in match shooting because TMJs are more accurate (but more expensive) than a traditional FMJ. c) 10resistance Anticipating small velocity differences, we planned 20-shot strings for statistical confidence and used our climate-controlled indoor range. Circuit The ratio of the momentum imparted to gun #1 to that imparted to gun #2 is: 3:1 3:2 o o 2:3 O 2:1. I am confused by the statement: "it is very difficult to fire horizontally". The acceleration due to the motion of the Earth is $\frac{v^2}{R_E}$, or about 0.033 m/s$^2$ which is about 1/300th of the acceleration due to gravity. $$\vec{V_b}(t) = < V_p , -g t>$$ Figure P6.42, A soccer player runs up behind a 0.450-kg soccer ball traveling at 3.20 m/s and kicks it in the same direction as it is moving, increasing its speed to 12.8 m/s. The ones marked "East" and "West" correspond to the effect of the rotation of the Earth, absent any drag. The ratio of the momentum imparted to gun #1 to that imparted to gun #2 is Some, such as the "bean bag" with a fabric bag containing shot, is purportedly "less lethal" have been utilized in law enforcement. $$\vec{V_b}(t) = \left< \frac{V_p }{ C t V_p + 1 } , -g \frac{ \left( \frac{C t V_p }{2} + t \right) }{C t V_p + 1} \right>$$. (b) Find all values of ' in the interval 0 t 2 for which the sped of the particle is 1. Since bullets travel very fast compared to an object falling from those heights even a slight tilt imparts a vertical component to bullet's velocity. In fact, real gunshot victims relate that they had no immediate reaction. Light spheres would be retarded the greatest within tissues and release more energy, but might not even get to the target. The wounding potential of projectiles is a complex matter. What is the potential difference of the circuit? It looked like we had an answer. The bullet from gun #1 is twice as heavy as the bullet from gun #2. The x component will be x(t) = (v)(t), where v = muzzle velocity = maybe 3000 ft/s. Round nose bullets provide the least braking, are usually jacketed, and are useful mostly in low velocity handguns. The Glasser "safety slug" has been designed to consist of a hollow copper jacket filled with #12 birdshot. If you are standing on the equator, you appear to weigh less because part of the force of gravity is needed to keep you rotating with the earth; while you think you are standing still, you are actually moving at about 462 m/s to the East. We set a velocity baseline with the 4.0-inch-barreled Model 39 and then ran 20 rounds through the Model 547. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. "Bullets from two revolvers arefired with the same velocity. From a height of, say, 6 feet, it will hit the floor in about 0.25 seconds ("about 0.25" --> I'm trying to keep the math simple). Assume that the mass of blood is negligible compared with the total mass of the person. A rush submission stopped our musings, and we never got back to it. Bullets from two revolvers are fired with the same velocity. (Bartlett, 2003) Specific gravity (density) and elasticity are the major tissue factors. Thus, increasing the twist of the rifling from 1 in 7 will impart greater spin than the typical 1 in 12 spiral (one turn in 12 inches of barrel). 3:1 Key: Increased choke, or constriction, correlates with a tighter pattern of pellet dispersion, and % increase over cylinder; cylinder = barrel caliber with no choke, Shotgun slugs can produce significant injury, because of the slug's size and mass. Folder's list view has different sized fonts in different folders. If a ballistics examiner has access to the weapon that allegedly fired an old bullet, new "test". Also, the TMJ reduces the amount of lead contaminants expelled into the air, which is an advantage in indoor ranges. Air, $\rho=1.2 kg/m^3$. (b) Is the collision best described as elastic, inelastic, or perfectly inelastic? Photo Gallery See all Photos (Jandial et al, 2008). These rotational effects are diagrammed below: Yaw refers to the rotation of the nose of the bullet away from the line of flight. Some law enforcement agencies have adopted such bullets because they are thought to have more "stopping power" at short range. let x direction point in east, A: Mass of block (M)= 37kg In addition, the jacket is thicker at the tip than at the heel, with precutting of the thick portion to that, upon target impact, six sharp copper points are raised in a radial fashion. The guy on top is correct. At intermediate range (4 to 12 feet) the entrance wound is up to 2 inches diameter, but the borders may show individual pellet markings. It would also be interesting to see if earth's curvature effects this. I will use $$ vector notation, and I'll just use a big vector arrow to indicate what is shorthand for a vector. The truth that a shot bullet and a dropped bullet fall at the same rate (neglecting secondary effects) is an important phenomenon, which must be taken into account for long range firing. The time constant. The best bullet composition is lead (Pb) which is of high density and is cheap to obtain. I ran into this problem on Quora recently, and decided I would post an expanded version of the answer I gave there, here. At close range, survival is rare. I would highly recommend to use SI-unit (meter/second), or maybe derived km/hour. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Gun #1 weighs three times as much as gun #2. 3:2 C. 2:1 D. 3:1 E. 6:1" blueeyes_11 about 9 years ago Physics Comment What rule should be followed to determine the placement of the halogen atoms in the product? Most handgun bullets, though, deliver less than 1000 ft/lb of KE. B. Not sure if I follow, do you mean write out the momentum formulas first then substitute, Like the following? Joseph Von Benedikt visits with Aaron Oelger from Hodgdon about the unprecedented demand on the shooting supply industry. Learn the difference between revolvers and semi-auto pistols and what makes them different. A drag coefficient for a generic cone is about $C_d = 0.5$, so I'll use that. The subject lies on a horizontal pallet floating on a film of air. You can compute the effect using a numerical integration - which I will show below. Bullets do not typically follow a straight line to the target. The amount of kinetic energy possessed by any individual pellet can vary, based upon multiple variables and interactions among the shot mass.